Index
communication 29errors 19feedback 43input 36interaction 51pattern 33pedagogy 27performances 8proficiencies 6stages of development 5variability 6
communication
What Is a Speech Community?
Assumptions to Rethink about English Learners
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Concept 1: communication
- Chart 1. The Concept of communication
- …ting are important literacy skills, but communication is the raison d’être of…
- …ating daily opportunities for authentic communication. When teachers establish a…
- In summary, the concept of communication asks teachers to analyze the types of i…
- …am Teachers focuses on three concepts—communication, Pattern, and Variability
- …ies as described through the concept of communication.
- …to consider three SL literacy concepts: communication, Pattern, and Variability.…
Standards for Effective Pedagogy
Input and Native Language Acquisition
- …unity and to increase the efficiency of communication.
- … commands and yes-no questions in their communication with children than they do…
- Focuses on comprehension and communication and relies on his/her innate capacity…
Input and Second Language Acquisition
The Interdependence Hypothesis
- …erformed the Mexico group in basic oral communication skills in English.…
- …d the essentials of basic interpersonal communication. That is, their pronunciat…
- …distinction between Basic Interpersonal communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitiv…
- …nd it is used primarily in face to face communication and does not place great d…
The Threshold Hypothesis
We Can Talk: Cooperative Learning in the Elementary ESL Classroom
- Accurate. Accurate input—communication that is grammatically correct with prop…
- …h real goals. We negotiate meaning. Our communication that is functional refers …
- … group is a natural source of redundant communication. As the students in a smal…
- …edback and correction in the process of communication (“Give me that,” “Su…
Proficiency Levels Defined
- …ritten language is an important form of communication, 2) scanning occurs from l…
- Basic Interpersonal communication Skills (BICS)
- Basic Interpersonal communication Skills (BICS)
- Basic Interpersonal communication Skills (BICS)
Fostering Second Language Development in Young Children
errors
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- • Accept and respond to feedback on errors
- Principle 2: errors and Feedback
- …udent, correcting low-level grammatical errors is not simply a matter of knowing…
- …stem is restructured, sometimes causing errors in production that look like back…
- Teacher work is to respond to errors with appropriate feedback, learning opportu…
- …ut, Interaction, Stages of Development, errors and Feedback, Types of Proficienc…
- …ciples: 1) Stages of Development and 2) errors and Feedback. Chart 2 defines the…
- Principle 2: errors and Feedback
Proficiency Levels Defined
Points to Remember About Errors
Effective and Appropriate Feedback for English Learners
- …he developmental nature and the role of errors in language learning, we recogniz…
- … native speakers judged the severity of errors, errors in appropriateness are co…
- …is being practiced. Correcting too many errors may frustrate the learner and hal…
- … English learners (ELs). In addition to errors in content mastery and literacy, …
- …nd developmental level and attending to errors based on the task goals (i.e., fo…
- …owth mindset, which enables them to see errors as opportunities to learn, grow, …
- …evaluations encourages students to view errors positively and develop a learning…
- …ck accordingly. With language learners, errors occur on two levels -- content an…
- …ills are still limited. When we correct errors and provide feedback in a way tha…
feedback
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- • Accept and respond to feedback on errors
- Principle 2: Errors and feedback
- • Provide direct and specific feedback with guidance for improving quality
- …r’s testing of hypotheses. Errors and feedback are essential to this learning …
- …andings and accepting and responding to feedback are essential for improving the…
- …s to respond to errors with appropriate feedback, learning opportunities, or ser…
- …tion, Stages of Development, Errors and feedback, Types of Proficiencies, and Ty…
- …Stages of Development and 2) Errors and feedback. Chart 2 defines these principl…
- …etter positioned to provide appropriate feedback and make individual and curricu…
- • Provide feedback focused on meaning and then form
- …ide timely, meaningful, and encouraging feedback matched to current development…
- …elop social skills in getting and using feedback from peers. Even though this pr…
- Principle 2: Errors and feedback
Standards for Effective Pedagogy
Input and Native Language Acquisition
- …ey expect you to be saying. This social feedback has a marvelous effect on your …
- … it correctly. Also, as adults give you feedback on your attempts to speak, it i…
- …ral new words every day and, as you get feedback from caregivers, you continue t…
Classroom Routines and Participation Structures
We Can Talk: Cooperative Learning in the Elementary ESL Classroom
- …eraction, a student is lucky to get one feedback opportunity; in the same 20 min…
- … asking the question and then providing feedback in the form of praise, comment,…
- …ntial, developmentally appropriate, and feedback-rich.
- feedback Rich. Students talk to each other, providing immediate feedback and cor…
Effective and Appropriate Feedback for English Learners
- Appropriate feedback
- The feedback that we provide to our English learners still needs to be targeted,…
- Brookhart, S. (2007). feedback that fits. Educational leadership. 65(4), 54-5…
- Effective feedback is specific, which means it is tangible and transparent, acti…
- Providing balanced feedback also means attending to the sociocultural appropriat…
- Along with balanced and differentiated feedback, language learners need feedback…
- …ns, G. (2012). Seven keys to effective feedback. Educational leadership. 70(1),…
- Teaching less and providing more feedback that is targeted, specific, and timely…
- …st always consider how we could use our feedback to help our learners move forwa…
- When providing supportive feedback on student’s writing, teachers should follo…
- We receive feedback all the time. For example, when we are asked to repeat what …
- Effective feedback is timely, meaning it is well-timed, prompt, and ongoing. Eff…
- Effective feedback is targeted, which means it is goal-referenced and consistent…
- Additionally, when we differentiate feedback, we need to make sure that there is…
- Differentiated feedback builds on specific feedback and is related to the term d…
- Supportive feedback also enables the transfer of knowledge of language, content,…
- An example of supportive feedback through recasting:
- … Miller, K. (2012). Research says good feedback is targeted, specific, timely.
- Effective feedback
Fostering Second Language Development in Young Children
Lily Wong Fillmore’s Cognitive and Social Strategies for Second Language Learners
input
Language Minority Stories
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- … a new language requires access to rich input (listening/reading) and multiple a…
- Krashen, S. D. (1982). The input hypothesis: Issues and implications. London: Lo…
- …n asks teachers to analyze the types of input their SL learners are exposed to, …
- …ition requires access to comprehensible input; that is, written and oral input t…
- …lity—and six accompanying principles: input, Interaction, Stages of Developmen…
- For the principle of input, student work is to read a lot—for aesthetics, plea…
- …ly plan instruction, using a variety of input and interaction opportunities as d…
- When teachers attend to input in their instruction, they focus on the oral and w…
- Principle 1: input
- Principle 1: input
- In addition to input, learners must also have multiple and varied opportunities …
Five Curriculum Guidelines
Input and Native Language Acquisition
Input and Second Language Acquisition
- Strategies for Providing Comprehensible input
- …for increasing the comprehensibility of input, especially in classroom instructi…
- One final aspect of input that many believe to be important is that of noticing.…
- …in why two learners exposed to the same input might not acquire the L2 at the sa…
- …among the most effective, is negotiated input. This involves both speakers and l…
- …dels of L2 acquisition acknowledge that input, i.e., language heard in a meaning…
- The fourth part of the model is the ‘input hypothesis.’ In it, Krashen claim…
- …alyst to spur research into the role of input in L2 acquisition. In what follows…
- …hers and students play a role in making input more comprehensible.
The Threshold Hypothesis
We Can Talk: Cooperative Learning in the Elementary ESL Classroom
- input
- …operative learning provides the kind of input, output, and context that supports…
- …ine how cooperative learning transforms input, output, and context variables in …
- Accurate. Accurate input—communication that is grammatically correct with prop…
- …ompetence: Some roles of comprehensible input in its development. In S.M. Gass, …
- …lex interaction of a number of critical input, output, and context variables. An…
- …t. A student may receive comprehensible input in the zone of proximal developmen…
- …e nature of a cooperative group focuses input in the zone of proximal developmen…
- …le. To facilitate language acquisition, input must be comprehended (Krashen, 198…
- Language acquisition is fostered by input that is comprehensible, developmentall…
Proficiency Levels Defined
Lily Wong Fillmore’s Cognitive and Social Strategies for Second Language Learners
interaction
What Is a Speech Community?
- …ed rules of conversation and linguistic interaction. We have learned to identify…
- …or old concepts. We shared language and interaction patterns with our peers that…
- …d we simply use the language and social interaction patterns that come to us. On…
- …mmunities involve regular, face-to-face interaction between us and a larger grou…
- …eir mother’s voice and the noises and interactions in her environment in the w…
- …art, we can decide what kinds of social interaction and linguistic styles, regis…
- How do they influence classroom interactions and academic achievement?
Coercive vs. Collaborative Relations
- … that it is in that face-to-face interaction between adult and child or child and…
- … to orchestrate our classroom interactions regardless of institutional constraints.…
- … complex, or desirable because of interaction with the majority culture, language,…
- … of Power Manifested in Micro-interactions Between Subordinated Communities and Dominant…
- … What also has an impact on those interactions are policies, practices, programs,…
Inclusive Pedagogy
- …thinking about their practice and their interaction with and teaching of their s…
- …ontrol of the teacher but exists in the interaction between the teacher and the …
Makoto Critical Incident
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- …d multiple and varied opportunities for interaction (speaking/writing). The prin…
- …ly in readings and meaningful classroom interactions.
- …anguage typical of oral, conversational interaction to comprehending nuanced, sp…
- … are exposed to, what opportunities for interaction are available to students, a…
- …and six accompanying principles: Input, interaction, Stages of Development, Erro…
- …texts, more not fewer opportunities for interaction, more not less flexibility, …
- Principle 2: interaction
- …struction, using a variety of input and interaction opportunities as described t…
- Second language acquisition requires interaction. Learners develop greater langu…
- Principle 2: interaction
- …e multiple and varied opportunities for interaction. When SL learners work to ma…
- …gely as a result of direct and multiple interactions with peers and teachers in …
Standards for Effective Pedagogy
Examining Current Realities
Input and Native Language Acquisition
- Characteristics of Caregiver-Child interactions
- …e and learns the joy of turn-taking and interaction.
- …d access to input, they can comprehend. interaction with others increases childr…
- Engages the child in social interaction.
Input and Second Language Acquisition
- …n takes place naturally. In adult-child interaction, as in teacher-fronted activ…
- … of language fast enough to sustain the interaction. Rather learners generate ut…
The Interdependence Hypothesis
- … which serve as a foundation for social interaction. All of this has happened be…
- …ment, as well as their skills in social interaction.
- …CS is acquired primarily through social interaction and it is used primarily in …
Code Switching and Interaction
Characteristics of Modifications for Interaction
- interactional Structure:
- …r what issues this raises for classroom interaction designed to help students le…
- …t of what happens to content in initial interaction between native and non-nativ…
Classroom Routines and Participation Structures
- …es impact students’ opportunities for interaction and language development. St…
- No opportunity to negotiate meaning in interaction for a purpose. Borrowing, len…
- The teacher controlled and structured interaction in limited ways.
- …-on-one help and more frequent language interaction was least accessible for tho…
We Can Talk: Cooperative Learning in the Elementary ESL Classroom
- …is the context it provides students for interaction and negotiating meaning. Thi…
- …0 minutes of whole-class, one-at-a-time interaction, a student is lucky to get o…
- … acquisition is determined by a complex interaction of a number of critical inpu…
Proficiency Levels Defined
- … peers. They seek social acceptance and interaction. By socializing, they get in…
- …e skills increase through listening and interaction, learners naturally increase…
pattern
What Is a Speech Community?
- …ol we bring more than the pronunciation patterns, lexicon, syntactic structures,…
- …ess than others. Some point to cultural patterns to account for differences in s…
- …pts. We shared language and interaction patterns with our peers that marked us a…
- …use the language and social interaction patterns that come to us. Only when we a…
- …on and linguistic styles, registers and patterns will be acceptable in our class…
Inclusive Pedagogy
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Concept 2: pattern
- Chart 2. The Concept of pattern
- …y variability in performance as well as patterns because the very context, tasks…
- Literacy development is patterned but not a linear process. As students learn mo…
- Second language acquisition is a patterned and gradual process of development ch…
- Second language acquisition is a patterned but nonlinear process. As new feature…
- …uses on three concepts—Communication, pattern, and Variability—and six accom…
- The concept of pattern asks mainstream teachers across all grade levels to under…
- … individual learner against the typical pattern of literacy development, they ar…
- …ee SL literacy concepts: Communication, pattern, and Variability. Each concept i…
Input and Native Language Acquisition
- …es on the important parts of the speech pattern.
- …nces the early recognition of the sound patterns of words and their associations…
- …is capable of great feats of memory and pattern recognition. Finally, you are su…
- … based on very complex systems of sound patterns, word meanings, word structure,…
- …are babbling with rhythm and intonation patterns characteristic of your caregive…
Vocabulary Development and Language Transfer
- …ildren in all societies learn the basic patterns of their language by the time t…
- …ic features such as vocabulary, grammar patterns, and so forth. The other is the…
Classroom Routines and Participation Structures
Proficiency Levels Defined
- …y work toward conforming their language patterns and usage to that of their peer…
- …s in the formation of complex syntactic patterns such as negation and question f…
Effective and Appropriate Feedback for English Learners
- …ng that they produce. Teachers look for patterns in the student’s work, see wh…
- …ning a specific observation of an error pattern and giving concrete suggestions …
- …te and express their ideas. Recognizing patterns and developmental nature of err…
Fostering Second Language Development in Young Children
- …nciple #3: There are different cultural patterns in language use
- …e child is attempting to figure out the patterns and rules that govern the langu…
- …erences through classroom communication patterns. For example, some children may…
Schumann's Acculturation Model
pedagogy
Coercive vs. Collaborative Relations
- Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power, pedagogy: Bilingual children in the crossfire.…
- … he describes as transformative pedagogy (using teaching that helps students become…
- … his book Language, Power, and pedagogy (2000), Cummins explains that there are…
- … children, the appropriateness of the pedagogy used, and the purposes behind the…
Inclusive Pedagogy
- … This final characteristic of Inclusive pedagogy, classroom strategies, recogniz…
- Each teacher who embraces the Inclusive pedagogy framework as a tool to guide th…
- The aim of Inclusive pedagogy is to advance the education of all students, parti…
- Inclusive pedagogy, as a conceptual framework for professional growth, enables t…
- The Inclusive pedagogy Framework enables teachers to effectively collaborate to …
- …they teach. Through using the Inclusive pedagogy framework, teachers become bett…
- Inclusive pedagogy is a coherent and comprehensive framework which begins with a…
- …ing the other elements of the Inclusive pedagogy Framework we will next examine …
- As educators utilize the Inclusive pedagogy Framework, the main questions and in…
- The second characteristic of Inclusive pedagogy, Guiding Principles, rests on th…
- …imates this characteristic of Inclusive pedagogy asks that the educator first co…
- …rooms. This characteristic of Inclusive pedagogy, Essential Policy, focuses atte…
- Inclusive pedagogy is graphically represented as a wheel. Who is this child? Is …
Makoto Critical Incident
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Cummins, J. (2000). Language, power and pedagogy: Bilingual children in the cros…
- Plan for variety in pedagogy
Five Curriculum Guidelines
Indicators of the Standards for Effective Pedagogy
- The Standards for Effective pedagogy Framework
- The Standards for Effective pedagogy were established through CREDE research and…
Examining Current Realities
The Threshold Hypothesis
Text Modification
Understanding BICS and CALP
performances
Inclusive Pedagogy
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- …prove the quality of their products and performances.
- Principle 2: Types of performances
- … Types of Proficiencies and 2) Types of performances. These principles focus on …
- …k, Types of Proficiencies, and Types of performances. Teachers who consider thei…
- • Assess unassisted and assisted performances (ZPD)
- … develop the types of proficiencies and performances needed for academic success…
- Principle 2: Types of performances
proficiencies
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- • Assess L1 and L2 proficiencies to individualize learning goals and instructi…
- Principle 1: Types of proficiencies
- … defined by two principles: 1) Types of proficiencies and 2) Types of Performanc…
- Principle 1: Types of proficiencies
- …elopment, Errors and Feedback, Types of proficiencies, and Types of Performances…
- …orting students to develop the types of proficiencies and performances needed fo…
stages of development
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Principle 1: stages of development
- Principle 1: stages of development
- …panying principles: Input, Interaction, stages of development, Errors and Feedba…
- …attern is defined by two principles: 1) stages of development and 2) Errors and …
Effective and Appropriate Feedback for English Learners
variability
Communication, Pattern, and Variability
- Concept 3: variability
- Chart 3. The Concept of variability
- …econd language acquisition is marked by variability in performance as well as pa…
- The concept of variability—or attending to the individual differences among le…
- … concepts—Communication, Pattern, and variability—and six accompanying princ…
- …y concepts: Communication, Pattern, and variability. Each concept is defined by …
Copyrighted: This work is copyrighted by the original author or publisher with all rights reserved. You are permitted to access the work here, but for additional permissions, please contact the original author or publisher.