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Appendix B. Example Studies

3.1. Behaviorism

3.2. Cognitivism

3.3. Constructivism

2.4. Design-Based Research

… educational setting, design-based Research is a Research approach that engages…DBR originated as Researchers like Allan Collins (1990) and Ann Brown (1992) recognized…… of DBR claim that educational Research is often detached from practice (The Design-Based…Practitioners do not benefit from Researchers’ work if the Research is detached…… lack of relevance a problem, but Research results can also be inaccurate by failing…… that the best way to conduct Research would be to achieve the right balance between…… of DBR believe that conducting Research in context, rather than in a controlled…Traditional, experimental Research is conducted by theorists focused on isolating…In DBR, Researchers assume the roles of “curriculum designers, and implicitly,…This duality of roles for DBR Researchers contributes to a greater sense of responsibility…Within DBR, Research subjects are seen as key contributors and collaborators in…DBR educational Research develops knowledge through this collaborative, iterative…A major goal of design-based Research is producing meaningful interventions and…… enhances the knowledge claims of the Research. “Researchers investigate cognition…… As each iteration progresses, Researchers refine and rework the intervention drawing…… collaboration with practitioners, Researchers seek to understand all aspects of…… needed to fill the gaps. DBR Researchers can draw from a number of disciplines…… to address a gap they found in Research regarding the effectiveness of having…… the analysis and exploration, Researchers design and construct interventions,…… control phase that replicated past Research and established a baseline. Once they…Researchers can evaluate their designs both before and after use. The cyclical…Reflection allows the Researcher to make connections between actions and results.…As Researchers reflect on each change they made, they find what is most useful…… instructional games. Based on that Research, they first tried extending the length…… study was conducted allowed the Researchers to properly place their experiences…… and processes of Design-Based Research (DBR). We explained that (a) DBR originated…… Squire, K. (2004). Design-based Research: putting a stake in the ground. Journal…… Bielaczyc, K. (2004). Design Research: Theoretical and methodological issues.…… Conducting Educational Design Research. New York, NY: Routledge.… better mousetrap: how design-based Research was used to improve homemade PowerPoint…The Design-Based Research Collective. (2003). Design-based Research: An emerging…Role of DBR Researcher

1.4. Ethics

… a program officer for a major Research organization. She suggests that your results…… ethical dilemmas that education Researchers must face. These dilemmas are shaped…… Would it also be good to do the Research necessary to get funding to provide it…… circumstances, and why. Like everyone, Researchers must grapple with the ethics…… betrayal of the teacher's role as a Researcher.… are ultimately untenable for Researchers, because the same relativistic argument…History is replete with examples of Researchers engaging in unethical and harmful…Such Researcher actions are not merely relativistically immoral but are normatively…… disturbing consequences, but Researchers will occasionally use each to make ethical…Following the Research abuses perpetrated by Nazis in World War II and the subsequent…… basic moral expectations of the Researcher, in which we only study participants…… self-determination is paramount, are Researchers required to be held to it if…Today, Researchers do operate under several key duty-based ethical standards. As…… this ethical stance, wherein Researchers must "yield fruitful results for the…… reasoning is employed by education Researchers to justify their studies and to…… meaning that though education Researchers might sometimes justify harming participants…Today, Researchers continue to use utilitarian reasoning to guide the morality…… should be applied to education Researchers as well and that caring for our students…… participate in a study with a Researcher who did not cultivate the virtue of caring…… According to the Nuremberg Code, Researchers should exercise "careful judgment,"…… guidance on how to move forward as a Researcher and circle back to the original…… or not (and how) to conduct a Research study, and for your convenience, Table…… competent (she wants to do good Research to produce the results that the grantor…… recognized that being helpful to the Research community and benefiting more students…… moral relativism when applied to Research. In future chapters, I will explain…

Example Study #2. Effects of open textbook adoption on teachers' open practices

… nature, because it relies upon the Researchers' semi-structured interviews with…… settings. Most published OER Research has focused on higher education, but separate…Three Research questions guided this study:… Among the earliest published Research on U.S. K-12 open textbook use, Wiley et…… phases, OER awareness, usage, and Research are increasing, revealing varied benefits…… professionalization. Similarly, various Researchers have called attention to flexibility,…… Drawing and building on previous Research regarding the implications of openness…… question bank aligned with the Research questions guiding the study, modeled after…… open-ended questions, the lead Researcher used content analysis to generate themes,…… allowance of independent student Research," "The ability to use other online resources…Classroom practice. Two of the three Research questions relate to classroom practice.…… should be a driving goal of OER Research moving forward. So, future studies might…… education. Chapel Hill, NC: Horizon Research, Inc.… resources. Journal of Online Learning Research, 2(1), 23-40. Retrieved from https://edtechbooks.org/-FNfU… teachers. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,…… textbooks. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,…Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research: A guide to design and implementation (3rd…… mathematics? American Educational Research Journal, 52, 1185-1211. doi: 10.3102/0002831215584435… (2005). Examining key concepts in Research on teachers' use of mathematics curricula. Review…… learning outcomes. Educational Researcher, 43(7), 341-351. doi: 10.3102/0013189x14550275… (2015). An efficacy trial of Research-based curriculum materials with curriculum-based…… Utah. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 14(1),…… classes. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(3),…… success. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,…Research DesignFuture Research

Example Study #1. Public comment sentiment on educational videos

… of such participation, little Research exists on the sentiment that these individuals…… established in all contexts. Recent Research demonstrates that public online spaces…… cognizant of the fact that emerging Research suggests that negative reactions,…… negativity? The results of prior Research suggest that gender, video format, and…… an entity” (p. 1093). Early Research using sentiment focused mostly on understanding…… this line of inquiry, emerging Research gives us little insight into what we might…… and sentiment in discussions, Researchers have drawn upon a variety of communication,…… situation have gained increasing Research attention in recent years. The Pew Research… literature, we posed the following Research questions:… participation. For the purposes of this Research, YouTube provides an environment…… educational value. For instance, Researchers have encouraged educators to use…… qualitative methods to answer the Research questions. We describe our data collection…To consider each Research question, we examined (amongst other things) comment…… were employed to answer each Research question, which we will explain more within…… commenters in general. Finally, the Research focuses on computational evaluations…… likely be fruitful for future Research.… choose to participate online. Our Research however demonstrates how common and…… question the push to encourage all Researchers to be active on social media (citation).…… the masses. Like qualitative Researchers, content creators may be drawn to the…This Research opens a number of significant future Research directions for Researchers…… October). Online harassment. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/online-harassment/… Paper ID 2363701, Social Science Research Network. Retreived from https://bfi.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/Research/flaxman_goel_rao_onlinenews.pdf… digital age Web 2.0 and classroom Research: What path should we take now?. Educational…… political discussions. Communication Research Reports, 32(1), 20–28. http://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2014.989971… America. New York: Data & Society Research Institute.… responses. Journal of medical Internet Research, 17(11).… to class and age. Sociological Research online, 20(4), 12.… YouTube. Human Communication Research, 36(4), 469–492. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01384.xResearch Questions